My name is Steve Dodson; Im a retired copyeditor currently living in western Massachusetts after many years in New York City. Some of the subgroups have it, but they might have invented it themselves. Interesting. I though aha! and apparently ! I just think we have to start considering that such developments likely occurred and shaped what were seeing, in the relatively recent past. [EDIT: ninjad by DM]. The phylum has six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic, however the inclusion of Omotic remains controversial, and several linguists see it as an independent language family, which stood in long-term contact with Afroasiatic languages. I did not know that there are idiots to raise a preliminary classification to the status of thats how the world is. Hes indefatigable. but for some reason dikobraz just didnt sound like a porcupine. Worse yet, a lot of what had been done had been done in apparent complete ignorance of really basic principles. Now, Proto-Albanian was almost certainly spoken inland in the Balkans, and not along the Adriatic, which at the time of the fall of the Roman Empire seems to have been Romance-speaking. [In passing, I mentioned above an actual instance of this in my own area of interest: the Atakora dpartement in Benin. Ku(d) referred to both fresh and salty varieties, and the same sign was used as a semantic determiner for fish of all kettles. But I would point out that he also disbelieves in Penutian, and that means his respect for the communis opinio extends to both the positive and negative polarities. I get the impression that the Romans were not keen on navigating in the River Ocean if they could help it. I think that was discussed here as well. The total number of Bantu languages ranges in the hundreds, depending on the definition of "language" versus "dialect", and is estimated at fiskeri ( fiskrii SD NS 1: 464 ( 1405 ) . Convincing people to arrive to a new picture of the world and start overlooking a different set possibilities would be more like Chomsky. But the chief practical consequence of this principle is rarely recognized or, if recognized, tends to be worked around rather than confronted and directly dealt with [.] Because why not. That said, if it really was formed on the pattern of the other pig words, I would expect pig as second compound element, not as first. There is a quote from Nichols, but it could be taken out of context. It means: if you fail to reconstruct morphology then lexical reconstruction is useless. It would be so stupid if they never thought of that, that I think I must have missed something. Sapirs Language is even olderer, but more fun. As a contrast, the Spanish Swadesh 200 has (I think) only four loanwords (2%), and all of them of Romance origin: animal < Latin (cf. All available dictionaries for Yemen seems to have both t and samak, but who knows if there is a difference in context/register? Such an editor is going to have trouble finding qualified referees, I suppose. Bahders Law, the devoicing of fricatives followed by sonorants, is regular in Dutch, replete with doublets in High German, and absent elsewhere; *ia > ea is, AFAIK, close to regular in High German, but sporadically occurs all the way into English; the loss of nasals followed by fricatives, with compensatory lengthening of preceding vowels, is regular in Anglo-Frisian, messy in Low German, and sporadic in Dutch, though there it occurs in words as frequent as vijf 5 IIRC, there are such phenomena in grammar as well, but I cant remember any. And in prehistory, were not aware of any centralizing or homogenizing forces other than demic ones. Trying to find out more about Gregersen, i discovered that his interests were wide-ranging: https://prabook.com/web/edgar.gregersen/147434. My point is that I can think of no reason that instead, we see A1147, A1149, A2147, A5147 and a host of other survivals of A, and then no B, C, D, maybe a single E and two languages in F, but then G1113, G2052 and G6457 and a host of other survivals of G. In essence, my issue is that the pattern of survival isnt fractal. In these cricumstances racking up lists of lookalikes is childs play. This will permit us to evaluate the taxonomic identities of the better known specimens assigned to [] and may assist in clarifying the basal [] condition, thereby shedding light on recent conflicting hypotheses of [] phylogeny [of a larger taxon]. Interestingly, Stewart is actually specifically denying the point made here: It is [. I have strong opinions and sometimes express myself more sharply than an ideal interlocutor might, but I try to avoid personal attacks, and I hope you will do the same. (Science)), Although our analysis provided inconsistent support for Arabic as a lineage of Central Semitic (i.e. The Hague and Paris; Mouton. Which reminds me: why Cono Sur? In each column (character), the same letter (state) for two langauges means cognates. Modern English, usually not considered particularly conservative, nevertheless is remarkable in conserving PIE initial /w/ unchanged. So perhaps we should say that Blenchs classification is not so much wrong as un-useful; it leads us to draw conclusions that we are not actually entitled to draw. However, administrative documents described fishers according to where they fished. This allows for trees to be developed rigorously, and for large classifications to be compared rigorously. I do not know how large were those vocabularies and whether he chose 165 most basic words out of 1000 or 165 out of 165. (2) a continuum: all these people coexisted since ever in a situation of eventless equilibrium with constant gene flow. If you simply assume that your claim is valid in such cases you are not acting as a scientist at all. And they both characterize the roots as good/very good candidates for cognates, weak candidates (um, Vydrin actually writes week candidates) and definitely different. If a percentage of the 50 was a slender reed, some of the 20 is a blade of grass. In other words: I see (consulting an actual book) that Lionel Bender, no less, played with the idea of Kongo-Saharan. I hope he made a full recovery. In the Guinea zone thats because of sleeping sickness. It is hoped that researchers with expertise in other branches of Afro-Asiatic will find the data presented in this article useful, and will be able to use it as a framework to study feminine formations in their respective languages of expertise. It led to the proliferation of Bantu-speaking populations To redress the balance and give a proper perspective, we should adopt Macrocushitic for the huge group of languages now known to be related to Hausa, like Hebrew, Arabic and Egyptian. Id not seen that before. I think to understand the growth of NS and NC, we have to consider whether there were similar new forces at play earlier than we are aware of. S4: a tree based on what they call multistate representation of data. Woodard, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. The IE and Semitic case is probably not a general rule, perhaps indeed an exception that could be conditioned by a notable unimportance of fish in the PIE and PS agripastoralist lifestyle. I thought it was more like Arab raiders in Africa or Viking raiders in some places: burn a village, steal some women and slaves, come back in a few years and do it again. 100% of African population was influenced by/partially descended from the same Eurasian populations which brought agriculture to Europe. And he has a real researchers gift of coming up with new interesting questions to look into. Ascertaining Bantu or Semitic vocabulary Finding the origins of common words between Proto-Semitic languages and Bantu languages has now become increasingly difficult to ascertain as may be seen by the examples below. LBG (Lexikon zur byzantinischen Grzitt = Lexicon of Byzantine Greek) Surely thats an incredible boost for anything thats as old or even somewhat older than PIE. If N-S is not a true grouping, then perhaps the landscape is more fractal. Alon, what forms have you heard? Efforts have been made in the past to explain the suffix/prefix difference as due to Gur having reinforced its nouns with following articles and then having lost its original prefixes. The basic question raised by the above is how did Berber arise, if not via the influx from the Middle East that was present by roughly 3700 BC. Even within Oti-Volta, there are clear signs of classes having split into formally distinct subclasses in some individual branches (Nateni and Ditammari are unique in all of Oti-Volta, if not all of Volta-Congo, in having a fire class separate from the water class), mergers in other branches, and wholesale transfers of certain semantic groups from one class to another (Western Oti-Volta, with the sole exception of Boulba, has bodily transferred all tree names from a bu/di class to the ga/si class.). (el dato, Pgina/12, 22 November 2015. However, this can still shoot you in the foot: French /-s/ is not cognate to English /-s/ (although it has probably massively reinforced it) even though counting characters would suggest otherwise. No, it is just this page. I think it actually is true that Africa is very undiverse compared with the Americas. NB: I wrote it this way because I do not know the actual distribution. Does that mean that Germanic nature of English is barely visible (and if not Old English documents it would be highly qestionable)? Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. Its very hard for me to understand what dynamics would allow a trade language to wipe out the preexisting languages in a pre-state setting with only limited trade. I think you are seriously underestimating the diversity of both Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan; even those who believe that those are actually valid constructs at all would say that both are very diverse indeed. I tried to look him up from the Norwegian side. 1. But surely the example of Sino-Tibetan proves that its not required. Who would guess that. The second is a much more general problem, a major hiatus in theory among historical linguists everywhere and not just among Nilo-Saharianists. Could be similar to what happened to African hunter-gatherers when they saw cattle, sheep and goats for the first time. Jarema and Kehayia (1992) show that, in a constrained sentence production task, French-speaking agrammatic aphasics do omit verb inflections resulting in -inflected, but grammatical, tensed forms. These separate roots act as the head of a morphological subfamily (Figure1). Dont we have to assume that the spread of Niger-Congo, like the spread of its component Bantu, involved some sort of large-scale change of population in its origins, presumably harnessing either some sort of technological advantage, or perhaps some climatic fluctuation that expanded its archaeological horizon at the expense of those who had exploited other, now declining resources? The case with Nilo-Saharan is even more stark. I dont have a text before my eyes to analyze. Sure. His proposal is to do nothing until we have decent Afro-Asiatic and Khoi-San etymologic dictionaries:-). Based on actual real live fieldwork, moreover. Mande has no grammatical gender or relevant verb flexion; Grusi languages have both, but sufficiently different from Oti-Volta that one can easily imagine an adult Grusi-speaking learner of an Oti-Volta language deciding to dispense with the details . [Modern Greek Dictionary] (comprehensive; includes etymologies) In biology it was a century later: Linnaeus vs. Darwin. Natrix (Trans. By 60 kya, we would expect that each had diversified into A1, A2, A3 A10, and 50kya, A1 had diversified into A11, A12, as had the others. In teaching us pescado, I assume our textbook writers were trying to ward off possible confusion when we heard it in conversation. ), [At one stage I actually thought that WOV as a subgroup was particularly aberrent lexically within Oti-Volta, and wondered about substrates and the like to explain it, until it eventually dawned on me that this was yet another point-of-view illusion: I noticed the cases where WOV had a peculiar lexeme compared with the rest of Oti-Volta without any particular effort, and it was only when I actually started counting the innovated lexemes in other branches I realised that they were all about the same in this overall: they just had different lexical innovations from WOV.]. But could this article on an Old Nubian letter help you believe his assertion that The /g/ is just the development of an ancient *d as aneffect of dissimilation is more than just cherry-picking. However, just now looking at the actual Swadesh 100 list, I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse.) Wordorigins l and one of the possible s letters) consonants, but the closest P-S root I could find is In some varieties of colloquial Latin American Spanish, I am not sure if pescado wouldnt be substituted in all of your examples. (Corpus of the Russian Language) On the other hand, the genome analysis of the KEB population suggests that it can be modeled as a mixture of IAM and Anatolian/European Neolithic, and it also presents a lower sub-Saharan component than IAM or Tarofalt. There is no, and probably never will be any, solid basic-lexicon-based evidence for Nilo-Saharan as originally envisaged by J. Greenberg and further explored by M. L. Bender, C. Ehret, H. Fleming, V. Blaek, and any other expert working on etymological support for the hypothesis. DE: Oh, sure. Im not sure how much of this comment is sarcasm, but there are a few ancient languages from the parts of Iran closest to Mesopotamia that have left records of a handful of personal names and other words: Gutian, Kassite, Lulubito say nothing of the better attested Elamite and Hurro-Urartian languages. Modern Polish dzik 1. If the maximalist claim has been made and is widely believed in, and we disagree with the maximalist formulation, he is right to call if hyper-[.] This population potentially introduced the Y chromosome haplogroup J1 into the region (Chiaroni et al., 2010; Lazaridis et al., 2016). And experiential factors of frequency of use in the everyday colloquial speech that constitutes the linguistic input and output of young children explain why certain grammatical categories are acquired relatively late in languages where they constitute high-register or literate constructions. Following Isaac Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified the Khoekhoe language as a member of the Khoisan languages, a grouping that has since proven inaccurate and excessively motivated on the presence of click sounds. MacBains Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (1911 edition) Leopold Bloom, while meditating in the bath, has a similar thought about Palestine. Yes: this is a combination of whataboutery, a remarkable misrepresentation of the actual activities of some notorious splitters, and (worst of all) a surprising failure to grasp the relevance of demonstrating contact phenomena and mapping typology when it comes to avoiding mistaken conclusions about genetic relationships. (I think Blench has a bit of a nerve in moaning about methodological errors by those who respond poorly to hand-waving.). My knowledge of either would be limited to the barest understanding of Hebrew grammar. Using morphology, phonology, syntax, anything is just as easy. More controversially, donkeys, dogs and guinea-fowl may have been associated with this movement, although perhaps not kept as pastoral species. I learn from Google Translate that Russian has a very cute (but not so spiky) two-letter word for hedgehog. so colloquially, you might hear pescado guppy? Level 3, Syria. Only messages signed languagehat are property of and attributable to languagehat.com. Greek language and linguistics Can the qpAdm software(35,36), distinguish between these scenarios? call Rabins Peshitta Biblical Aramaic; Rabin has Hebrew at 2800 BP (not 2600 BP). Development of gender is immodest by the definition of modesty! And it becomes both more elaborated and varied in structure and use, on the one hand, and more restricted or constrained by target-language specifics, on the other. Bits of Greenbergs Ubangi dont belong (his Adamawa-Eastern was a real mess) but Senoufo definitely is related. Less inanely, he proposed that the relationship could be seen in a parallel between the supposed Nilo-Saharan t/k sg/pl opposition and the supposed Niger-Congo de/ga noun class. Maybe Ill become a specialist in Eastern Sudanic! The noun also exists in Arabic dialects of the region, probably borrowed from Berber, and forms with /q/ may in fact represent reborrowings from Arabic (cf. Thai has one of the most elaborate systems of classifiers, with several hundred. This would have required access to a different root, that is, the root /v/, which is used in the formation of the singular forms of the present tense of the verb.
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